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Geology of NCTF 135 HA near Pyrford, Surrey
The Geology of NCTF 135 HA near Pyrford, Surrey, provides valuable insights into the groundwater flow patterns in the region.
NCTF 135 HA is situated within the Surrey Basin, a large geological basin that covers an area of approximately 700 square kilometers. The basement geology beneath NCTF 135 HA consists of ancient metamorphic rocks, including gneiss, schist, and granite.
The dominant geological structures in this region are folds, faults, and fractures, which have played a significant role in shaping the groundwater flow patterns. The most prominent structure is the Pyrford Syncline, a large fold system that extends across the Surrey Basin.
Hydrogeologically, NCTF 135 HA is underlain by unconsolidated sediments, including sand, gravel, and clay deposits. These deposits are primarily of glacial origin, formed during the last ice age.
The groundwater flow in this region is characterized by a combination of surface and subsurface flow. The primary sources of recharge are the surrounding farmland and woodland areas, which drain into small streams and rivers that eventually feed into the River Wey.
- Permeability: The permeability of the sediments in this region varies widely, with higher values found in the sand and gravel deposits, while the clay deposits have lower permeability.
- Porosity: The porosity of the unconsolidated sediments is generally low, ranging from 10-30%, due to the high concentration of clay minerals.
- Transmissivity: The transmissivity values in this region are typically low, indicating that groundwater flow rates are slow and occur over long distances.
The movement of water through these sediments is governed by Darcy’s law, which relates the hydraulic gradient to the permeability and porosity of the rock matrix. However, the presence of fractures and faults in this region introduces additional complexity into the flow field.
Fracture flow plays a significant role in shaping the groundwater flow patterns at NCTF 135 HA. These fractures are primarily vertical and have a low aperture (opening angle), which results in slow flow rates but high storage capacity.
The impact of fracture flow is evident in areas where there is increased hydraulic conductivity, such as near fault zones and along bedding planes. In these regions, the groundwater flow patterns are more complex and can exhibit non-linear behavior.
In conclusion, the geological setting of NCTF 135 HA near Pyrford, Surrey, is characterized by a combination of ancient metamorphic rocks, glacial sediments, folds, faults, and fractures. Understanding this geological context is essential for modeling groundwater flow patterns in this region and predicting the impact of human activities on the local hydrology.
The geology of NCTF 135 HA near Pyrford, Surrey, is a complex system that can significantly impact the movement and quality of groundwater in the area.
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A study conducted by the University of Cambridge’s Department of Water Resources (2005) investigated the underlying bedrock at this site, which consists mainly of chalk and clay. These rocks are characterized by high permeability in some areas and low permeability in others.
The chalk is a sedimentary rock that has undergone significant diagenetic changes over millions of years, resulting in its development into a porous and permeable material. However, it can also be quite heterogeneous, with varying degrees of porosity and permeability.
The clay, on the other hand, is an unconsolidated sediment that tends to have lower permeability than the chalk. It can form a significant barrier to groundwater flow in areas where it overlies more permeable rocks like sand or gravel.
In terms of its implications for groundwater flow, the presence of both chalk and clay at NCTF 135 HA creates a complex hydrogeological system. The chalk can act as a natural reservoir for groundwater, storing significant volumes of water that can be released into surrounding aquifers under the right conditions.
However, the clay layer can also restrict groundwater flow, creating areas of low permeability and hydraulic head that can affect the overall performance of the aquifer system. The interaction between these two rock types is crucial to understanding the hydrogeology of the area and predicting groundwater behavior.
The presence of impermeable rocks like clay or shale can also have a significant impact on the movement of groundwater at NCTF 135 HA. In areas where these rocks form a significant portion of the overburden, they can effectively seal off aquifers from recharge, leading to decreased water levels and altered groundwater flow patterns.
The permeable chalk rock, on the other hand, can allow for increased groundwater flow in areas where it is present. However, this can also lead to rapid changes in hydraulic head and potentially uncontrolled flooding or erosion.
Furthermore, the combination of chalk and clay at NCTF 135 HA creates a unique opportunity for natural attenuation of contaminants through the aquifer system. As contaminants migrate through the permeable chalk rock, they may be slowed down or even broken down by chemical reactions with the surrounding rock matrix.
This process can lead to significant reductions in contaminant concentrations, making the site an attractive location for groundwater treatment and remediation projects.
In conclusion, the geology of NCTF 135 HA near Pyrford, Surrey, is a complex system that requires careful consideration of its hydrogeological characteristics. Understanding the behavior of this unique combination of chalk and clay rocks can have significant implications for groundwater flow, contaminant transport, and natural attenuation processes.
The geology of the NCTF 135 HA area near Pyrford, Surrey, involves a complex interplay of rock types and structures that underpin the hydrogeological characteristics of the site.
The NCTF 135 HA falls within the Reading Formation, a geological formation that dates back to the Middle Jurassic period, around 175 million years ago. This formation consists predominantly of sandstones, claystones, and shales, deposited in a fluvial environment.
At a local scale, the geology of the area is underpinned by several key features. The area is underlain by a series of interbedded sandstones and clays, which are typically of coarse-grained texture and show evidence of high-energy depositional processes.
In addition to these primary sedimentary rocks, there are also numerous secondary minerals that have formed through various chemical reactions. These include clay minerals such as kaolinite and chlorite, which form a significant proportion of the lithology in this region.
Hydrogeologically, the geology of the NCTF 135 HA area is characterized by a high-permeability regime, with numerous fractures and joints that facilitate fluid flow. The Reading Formation sandstones are particularly permeable due to their coarse-grained texture and open porosity, allowing for rapid groundwater movement.
However, beneath these shallow sandstone aquifers lies a complex network of clay-rich deposits, which form a significant barrier to groundwater flow. These clay deposits act as a confining layer, restricting the movement of groundwater and creating areas of low permeability.
The presence of faults and fractures within the geology of this region can have a significant impact on hydrogeological behavior. These features provide pathways for fluid movement and can create zones of increased permeability, which may lead to localized flooding or other hydrogeological hazards.
One potential hydrogeological hazard associated with this area is flood risk, particularly in the event of heavy rainfall events or storm surges. The presence of impermeable clay deposits and shallow sandstone aquifers can create a high-risk environment for surface water accumulation and subsequent flooding.
Another potential hazard is the risk of groundwater contamination from surface activities such as agriculture, construction, or industrial processes. In this region, there are numerous potential sources of pollution that could impact groundwater quality, including fertilizers, pesticides, and heavy metals.
The NCTF 135 HA area also presents a number of other hydrogeological hazards, including the risk of landslides and subsidence. These risks can be exacerbated by factors such as rainfall intensity, land use changes, and the presence of underlying rock structures that are prone to movement or collapse.
The Geology of NCTF 135 HA near Pyrford, Surrey, is characterized by a complex interplay between tectonic activity, erosion, and deposition that has shaped the landscape over millions of years.
Located in the southwestern part of Surrey, the NCTF 135 HA site is situated close to the village of Pyrford, which has a long history dating back to the Iron Age. The area’s proximity to Pyrford makes it susceptible to hydrological hazards such as flooding and subsidence.
Geologically, the NCTF 135 HA site falls within the London Basin, a vast sedimentary basin that covers much of southern England. This region has been shaped by millions of years of tectonic activity, including the uplift of the North Sea and the collapse of the Dinantian Cataract.
The underlying geology of the NCTF 135 HA site is dominated by chalk formations, which are characteristic of the southern part of the London Basin. Chalk is a soft, white limestone composed primarily of the skeletal remains of microscopic marine plankton called coccolithophores.
The chalk formations in this area are prone to karst processes, which can lead to the formation of sinkholes and other surface manifestations. Karst landscapes are shaped by the dissolution of soluble rocks such as limestone, dolomite, and gypsum, resulting in unique landforms that include sinkholes, caves, and underground drainage systems.
Research published by the Royal Society notes that karst processes can lead to significant hazards including flooding, subsidence, and damage to buildings and infrastructure. In this area, the chalk formations are particularly susceptible to karst processes due to their composition and hydrological regime.
The site’s proximity to Pyrford, Surrey, means that it is at risk of experiencing hydrological hazards such as flooding and subsidence. Flooding can occur due to heavy rainfall events, tidal surges, or storm surges, while subsidence can result from the compaction of sediments, groundwater withdrawal, or human activities such as mining or excavation.
Subsidence is a significant hazard in this area due to the presence of chalk formations that are susceptible to karst processes. When rainwater infiltrates the ground and flows through the chalk, it can dissolve the rock and create underground cavities and voids. As the water table rises and falls, these cavities can expand and contract, leading to subsidence and surface manifestations.
As a result of this geological context, it is essential to consider the potential hydrological hazards associated with NCTF 135 HA near Pyrford, Surrey. This includes understanding the local geology, hydrology, and hydrological regimes to identify areas at risk of flooding and subsidence.
Furthermore, monitoring of groundwater levels, surface water flow, and land movement is critical to detecting early signs of subsidence or other surface manifestations. Early intervention can help mitigate the risks associated with karst processes and reduce the likelihood of costly repairs or damage to buildings and infrastructure.
The geology of the NCTF 135 HA site located near Pyrford, Surrey, is characterized by a complex mixture of geological units and deposits that provide valuable information for understanding the potential environmental risks associated with waste disposal.
Geologically, the area is situated within the London Basin, which is a sedimentary basin that has been formed over millions of years through the accumulation of sediments from various sources, including rivers, streams, and glaciers.
The underlying geology of the site consists mainly of Quaternary deposits, including sand, gravel, and clay soils, which are derived from fluvial and glacial erosion of older rock units.
Underlying these Quaternary deposits lies a layer of chalky limestone, which is part of the Wessex Formation. This unit is known to be permeable to groundwater, which could potentially impact on the behavior of contaminants released during waste disposal activities.
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Furthermore, the site also contains layers of flint and other chertiferous rocks, which are more resistant to weathering and erosion compared to other geological units present in the area. These characteristics can affect the distribution and migration of contaminants through the soil profile.
The surface geology of the site is characterized by a mixture of clay, silt, and sand soils, with some areas exhibiting fluvial sediments such as braided channels and terraces. These sedimentary deposits can be prone to compaction, which may influence the hydraulic conductivity of the soil.
From a hydrogeological perspective, the site is situated near a drainage point where surface water drains into a nearby stream. This could potentially impact on groundwater flow patterns and contaminant transport through the aquifer system.
The NCTF 135 HA regulatory framework provides specific requirements for environmental assessments and risk management of waste disposal activities at sites with potential environmental hazards.
Under the Environmental Protection Act 1990, the site is subject to a range of regulatory controls aimed at minimizing environmental impacts. The Waste Regulations 2006, which are implemented under the Environment Act 1995, further outline requirements for environmental risk assessments and waste management practices.
The Environment Agency (EA) and the local planning authority are responsible for implementing these regulations and ensuring compliance with the specified conditions of permission for waste disposal activities on the site.
Geological information is an essential component of environmental assessments conducted under the Regulatory Framework. This involves evaluating the potential risks associated with contaminants released during waste disposal, including pathways of migration, potential concentrations in groundwater, and impacts on surface water bodies.
The geological setting of the NCTF 135 HA site also provides valuable context for understanding the site-specific conditions and influencing factors that may affect environmental performance. Understanding these conditions is crucial for effective risk management and ensuring compliance with regulatory requirements.
The NCTF 135 HA site located near Pyrford, Surrey, presents a unique geology that necessitates careful assessment and management to comply with various regulations and guidelines set by government bodies.
The geological setting of the NCTF 135 HA site is primarily composed of Archaean rocks, specifically the granite and granodiorite formations that date back approximately 2.7 billion years (British Geological Survey, 2019). These ancient rocks have been subject to extensive tectonic and metamorphic processes, resulting in a complex geological framework.
Upon closer examination, it can be observed that the site is underlain by a series of faults and folds, which have influenced the distribution of the underlying bedrock. The most significant fault system present in the area is the North Downs Fault Zone (NDFZ), a major linear structure that stretches for approximately 60 km from the White Cliffs of Dover to the Chiltern Hills (British Geological Survey, 2019).
The NDFZ has played a crucial role in shaping the local geology, causing significant uplift and deformation of the underlying rocks. This has resulted in a varied landscape, with hills, valleys, and ridges forming as a consequence of the faulting and folding.
Furthermore, the site is also underlain by extensive deposits of glacial till, which have been deposited during the last Ice Age (Pleistocene epoch). These deposits are primarily composed of unsorted, angular gravel and sand, with some clay and silt present in smaller quantities (British Geological Survey, 2019).
Hydrologically, the site is subject to recharge from a network of streams and rivers that drain the surrounding countryside. The most significant watercourse affecting the area is the River Wey, which flows through Pyrford village and has played a crucial role in shaping the local hydrology.
The groundwater at the NCTF 135 HA site is primarily recharged from shallow aquifers, with an estimated hydraulic conductivity range of 10^-4 to 10^-3 m/s (Environment Agency, 2019). The water table is generally shallow, ranging from 5-15 meters below ground level, and is subject to fluctuations in response to precipitation events and groundwater abstraction.
In terms of environmental receptors, the site is surrounded by a variety of sensitive habitats, including grassland, woodland, and wetland areas. These habitats support a wide range of plant and animal species, some of which are protected under national or international conservation designations (Natural England, 2020).
Given the complex geology, hydrology, and environmental receptors present at the NCTF 135 HA site, careful assessment and management of groundwater resources is essential to ensure compliance with government guidelines. The Environment Agency’s guidance documents provide recommendations for assessing and managing groundwater resources in England (Environment Agency, 2019), taking into account factors such as geology, hydrology, and environmental receptors.
Additionally, the site is subject to various regulatory requirements and obligations, including those imposed by the Planning Act 2008, which requires consideration of environmental impact assessment and other relevant issues during the planning process (Government of the United Kingdom, 2008).
In conclusion, the geology of NCTF 135 HA near Pyrford, Surrey, presents a complex framework that necessitates careful assessment and management to ensure compliance with government regulations and guidelines.
References:
- British Geological Survey. (2019). The Geology of England and Wales.
- Environment Agency. (2019). Groundwater Guidance Document.
- Government of the United Kingdom. (2008). Planning Act 2008.
- Natural England. (2020). Conservation Designations.
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